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Summary
Objective:
To accurately annotate maritime objects in a dataset consisting of footage from a boat traveling down various waterways. The annotation will focus on identifying and categorizing objects into predefined classes to aid in object detection models.
Classes:
- Power Driven Boats - Motorized boats primarily used for transportation or recreational purposes.
- Sailing Boats - Boats propelled partly or entirely by sails.
- Large Shipping Boats - Larger vessels used for commercial, transportation, or industrial purposes.
- Channel Markers - Markers used to denote safe navigation paths or to warn of hazards.
- Buoys - Floating devices that can be anchored to the seabed and used for marking.
- Human Powered Crafts - Small boats propelled by human force (e.g., rowboats, kayaks)
Bounding Box Requirements:
- Minimum Size: Each bounding box should cover a minimum area of 10x10 pixels to ensure the object is detectable and recognizable.
- Padding: Apply minimal padding around the object within the bounding box, typically not exceeding 10% of the object's size to prevent overlap with adjacent objects or inclusion of irrelevant background.
Visibility and Clarity Requirements:
- Visibility Threshold: Define a clear threshold for visibility. Boats should be labeled only if key features (such as the type of boat, structure, or identifiable markers) are discernible.
- Blur Handling: If a boat starts clear in earlier frames and becomes blurry in subsequent frames but maintains identifiable features, continue to annotate until the boat's key features are no longer distinguishable.
- Consistency Across Frames: For video sequences or consecutive frames, maintain annotation consistency by marking the boat in all frames where it meets the visibility criteria, even if it becomes progressively blurrier.
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Workflow
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Open the Image:
- Load the image into the annotation software. Ensure full resolution is used to maximize detail visibility.
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Initial Scan for Notable Features:
- Conduct a preliminary scan of the entire image.
- Identify and note prominent features such as channel markers and any visible waterway signs. These are often crucial for contextual understanding and can indicate the presence of nearby boats.
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Adjust Image Brightness and Contrast:
- Evaluate the image for lighting conditions. If the image is too dark or overly bright, adjust the brightness and contrast to enhance visibility.
- Ensure adjustments do not distort color or detail, which are essential for accurate object recognition.
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Identify and Categorize Objects:
- Systematically scan the water portion of the image from left to right, top to bottom.
- Identify all objects that appear in the water.
- Categorize each object based on the predefined classes:
- Power Driven Boats: Look for motorized watercraft features like engines and hull shape.
- Sailing Boats: Identify sails and mast configurations.
- Large Shipping Boats: Note larger structures, cargo elements, or distinctive large vessel designs.
- Channel Markers: Recognize standard shapes and colors denoting safe pathways or warnings.
- Buoys: Spot floating markers, typically spherical or cylindrical.
- Human Powered Crafts: Identify smaller, manually operated boats like kayaks or rowboats.
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Draw Bounding Boxes:
- For each identified object, draw a bounding box around it. Ensure the box closely fits the object to avoid including too much background.
- Follow specific guidelines regarding the minimum box size to maintain consistency.
- Quality Check and Refinement:
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- Review each labeled and boxed object to ensure accuracy in classification and bounding.
- Adjust any labels or boxes as necessary to rectify mistakes or improve the fitting of the bounding box.
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- Save the task
Common Errors And Edge Cases
Occlusion Handling: Only annotate the visible parts of maritime objects when they are partially hidden behind others. For example, if only the front of a boat is visible because it's obscured by another vessel, label just the visible area.
Managing Uncertain Cases: In cases where it's unclear whether an object qualifies for a specific label—due to poor visibility, distance, or ambiguity—opt not to label it. This conservative approach helps maintain the integrity of the data, avoiding potential errors in model training caused by incorrect labels.
General Guidelines:
- If an object at sea is accompanied by a white wake trail but its specific type is indiscernible, it should be classified as a power-driven vessel.
- If a target is unclear, lacks visible indicators, or is too distant to identify, refrain from labeling it.
- Always include all structures on the boat
- If boats or other targets are partially omitted but you can clearly see what it is, label the visible portion.
- When datasets include consecutive frames, it can be useful to check the images before and after and see if the object was clear.
Adjust Brightness
DESCRIPTION
Before proceeding with the annotation workflow, ensure optimal visibility by adjusting brightness settings as needed. Clear visibility is crucial for accurately identifying objects within maritime images. Simply adjusting the slider can reveal objects that were originally too dark.
APPLIED LABELS
Power Driven Boat
Sail Boat
Large Shipping Boat
Human Powered
BoatChanne
MarkerBuoy
EXAMPLES
These examples show desired targets however the brightness was increased in order to more clearly see the object and its bounds.
Channel markers that can be seen better when lowering contrast or raising brightness
A buoy, better seen by increasing brightness
Include Boat Structures
DESCRIPTION
When labeling boats, include all visible features such as masts, sails, antennas, and any other discernible structures. This ensures thorough annotation and facilitates accurate classification. This includes persons standing on the boats as well.
APPLIED LABELS
Power Driven Boat
Sail Boat
Large Shipping Boat
Human Powered
EXAMPLES
The good examples show that all features as part of the boat are always included.
In the bad examples, some of the features such as the sail boat mast or the cranes on the large shipping boat were excluded.
A power driven boat and a channel marker that is large enough to annotate
A sail boat annotated without including it’s mast
A large shipping boat mis-annotated as it did not include the structures that are clearly part of the boat.
A properly enclosed large shipping boat.
Partially Omitted Objects
DESCRIPTION
Even if a boat is partially visible or obscured, it should still be labeled to maintain completeness in the annotation process. Pay attention to distinguishing features and make annotations accordingly.
APPLIED LABELS
Power Driven Boat
Sail Boat
Large Shipping Boat
Channel Marker
EXAMPLES
A partially occluded power driven boat.
A large shipping boat that was not annotated because it is partially omitted. The bowed shape and the name on the structure give good indicators that it is a large shipping vessel.
A large shipping boat that is partially occluded. Note that its structures were also included in the annotation
This example demonstrates objects in the horizon which should not be annotated. Since you cannot tell whether they are ships, they should not be labeled.
Distant Blending Targets
DESCRIPTION
When faced with distant boats merging with the background, apply your best judgment to discern their features. Prioritize visible characteristics and context clues to classify them accurately, resorting to labeling as "Power Driven Boat" if it is a clear boat like object.
If the target blends into the background or is not discernable as one of the labels in this project, do not label it.
APPLIED LABELS
Power Driven Boat
Sail Boat
Large Shipping Boat
Channel Marker
Buoy
Human Powered Boat
EXAMPLES
A paddle board, there are no discernable motors.
All boats here are clearly human powered with no motor. The oars are a good indicator.
Power Driven Boat
DESCRIPTION
This class encompasses all small powered boats found in the ocean, including jet skis and other vessels with motors. Annotators should ensure bounding boxes are as tight as possible, encompassing the entire vessel, and include any noticeable features such as antennas for comprehensive annotation. Power driven boats more commonly leave a white 'wake' trail if they are in motion making them more easily discernable at a distance. The uncertainty protocol also applies here. When there is sufficient doubt on what type of boat it is, then it should be labeled as a power driven boat.
Key Indicators:
- Include All Vessel Features: Ensure bounding boxes are tight and encompass the entire vessel, including noticeable features like antennas, for comprehensive annotation.
- Wake Trail: Power-driven boats often leave a white 'wake' trail when in motion, making them more easily discernible at a distance. This trail is a key indicator of movement and type.
- Uncertainty Protocol: If there is doubt about the specific type of boat, label it as a power-driven boat. This category broadly includes all vessels with motors, providing a reliable fallback for unclear cases.
- Tight Bounding Boxes: Bounding boxes should be as close as possible to the vessel’s edges without cutting off any part of the boat to ensure accurate size and shape representation.
APPLIED LABELS
EXAMPLES
The good examples show properly classified power driven vessels.
The bad examples show mis-classified targets of power driven boats.
Two power driven boats in a marina. They are lifted out of the water.
A power driven boat with two persons standing upright.
Fast moving Power Driven Boats can be easy to spot by their white wake. A channel marker is also labeled as its red sign is visible when zoomed in.
This image shows a large shipping vessel incorrectly labeled as a power driven boat.
A large shipping boat. With two power driven boats. They become clear when the image brightness is increased.
In this image the two channel markers were incorrectly labeled as power driven boats.
A red floating buoy incorrectly labeled as a power driven boat.
A power driven boat with two persons standing upright. The uncertainty protocol applies here. However with further frames there is clearly a motor on the boat.
Sale Boat
DESCRIPTION
Sailboats have tall masts and fabric sails of various sizes. They have a long, slender body. Annotators should draw bounding boxes tightly around the entire vessel, including masts, sails, and any noticeable features like rigging (ropes extending from the sail or mast).
Key Indicators:
- Presence of Sails: Look for one or more large sails, which are the most distinctive feature of sailboats. These can be in various shapes, such as triangular or rectangular.
- Mast: A tall mast or masts are usually central and visible, used to support the sails.
- Hull Shape: Sailboats typically have a sleek, narrow hull designed for cutting through water efficiently.
- Rigging: Lines and cables that support the mast and control the sails are usually evident.
- Size Variation: Sailboats can range from small, one-person craft to large yachts with multiple cabins and decks.
APPLIED LABELS
EXAMPLES
An example of a typical sail boat without it's sail extended. You can clearly see a large mast and rigging (ropes extending from the sail or mast)
A sail boat without its sail open and a power driven boat in the distance
A power driven boat annotated as a sail boat. This boat does not have a mast, sail or visible rigging (ropes and wires connecting the mast to the boat).
A sail boat in the distance with two other power driven boats. This is implied by the large mast ontop of the boat. Notice how the mast was also included. Zooming in was used to make the bounds as tight as possible.
Large Shipping Boat
DESCRIPTION
Large shipping boats, also known as cargo ships, freighters, or container ships, are vessels designed for transporting goods and cargo across bodies of water. Other large boats such as cruise ships should also be classified as 'Large Shipping Boat'
Key Indicators:
- Stacked Containers: Large shipping boats often have multiple layers of visible containers stacked on their deck. These containers are rectangular and uniform.
- Large Hull: These vessels feature a broad and long hull, designed to accommodate heavy loads and maintain stability in open waters.
- Superstructure: The navigation bridge and crew living quarters are typically located in a prominent superstructure, which can be towards the stern or midship.
- Cranes and Equipment: Onboard cranes and other loading equipment are visible, used for loading and unloading cargo.
- Distinctive Markings: Look for company logos, names, and registration details typically painted on the hull.
- Size: These ships are significantly larger compared to other types of vessels, often exceeding hundreds of meters in length.
APPLIED LABELS
EXAMPLES
The good examples show properly annotated large shipping vessels. Their structures were also included in the bounds. The bad examples demonstrate mis-classified vessels as large shipping vessels.
A large shipping boat with cranes ontop with a power driven boat following it.
A small power driven boat mis-classified as a large shipping boat.
Two docked large shipping vessesl and a buoy
Human Powered Boat
DESCRIPTION
A human-powered boat, also known as a rowboat, paddleboat, or kayak, is a watercraft propelled by human effort, typically through the use of oars, paddles, or pedals. These boats come in various forms, including rowboats propelled by oars, kayaks powered by paddles, and pedal boats operated by foot pedals. They are commonly used for recreation, exercise, and transportation on lakes, rivers, and other bodies of water.
This class will not be very common throughout the dataset but it exists in case they are seen and do not fall in any boat category.
APPLIED LABELS
EXAMPLES
This example demonstrates paddle boarders. Most targets in this category will have a visible oar to row with.
A paddle board, there are no discernable motors.
All boats here are clearly human powered with no motor. The oars are a good indicator.
All boats here are clearly human powered with no motor. The oars are a good indicator.
Channel Marker
DESCRIPTION
Channel markers are navigational aids used to mark safe passage through navigable waterways, such as channels, rivers, and harbors. These markers come in different shapes and colors and are placed strategically to indicate the direction of the channel, hazards, and other important information to mariners.
Key Indicators:
- Bright Colors: Channel markers are often painted in vivid colors such as red, green, or yellow to ensure high visibility.
- Consecutive Placement: These markers are typically placed in a sequence to guide the navigation path through channels. They often appear at regular intervals.
- Paired Configuration: Channel markers frequently come in pairs, one on each side of the channel, to delineate the boundaries of the navigation route.
- Shapes and Numbers: Look for various shapes (such as cones, cans, or pillars) and numbers, which help in navigation by providing additional information about the waterway.
- Lighting: Some channel markers are equipped with lights to aid in night navigation, making them visible in low light conditions.
APPLIED LABELS
EXAMPLES
Channel markers always have signs affixed to them just like street signs found in road ways. If you cannot see the sign on the post, it should not be labeled as a channel marker.
A channel marker with a red triangular sign
In this image, the channel marker on the left should not be labeled as the sign on it is not clearly visible yet.
Two Channel Markers
Bounding boxes on channel markers should alwasy be as tight as possible.
These examples show good and bad channel marker labels
Channel Markers are often seen in pairs guarding the boundaries of where boats may safely travel. They are typically seen alternating in bright green and red colors. When one of them is visible it is good practice to zoom in and scan the image for its pair.
If the channel marker fits inside the minimum sized bounding box, it should be annotated.
Buoy
DESCRIPTION
A buoy is a floating device, typically anchored to the seabed, used for various maritime purposes, including navigation, marking hazards, and providing mooring points. Buoys come in different shapes, sizes, and colors, each serving specific functions.
Key Indicators:
- Floating Design: Unlike static channel markers, buoys are designed to float on the water's surface, allowing them to move slightly with currents and tides.
- Round Shape: Buoys typically have a round or oval shape, which helps distinguish them from the more varied shapes of channel markers.
- Single or Multiple: Buoys can appear singly, such as no-wake buoys which are used to indicate areas where boats must reduce speed, or in groups similar to channel markers to guide navigation paths.
- Bright Colors: Like channel markers, buoys are often brightly colored in red, green, yellow, or orange to ensure high visibility.
- Indicators: Many buoys carry symbols, numbers, or lights to convey specific information or warnings to mariners.
APPLIED LABELS
EXAMPLES
This example demonstrates a buoy and a large shipping boat in the distance. The scenery is dark so it was adjusted during annotation.
This example demonstrates a buoy and a large shipping boat in the distance. The scenery is dark so it was adjusted during annotation.
A buoy and a large shipping boat docked in the port.
A green buoy
A channel marker mis categorized as a buoy
A buoy
A larger red buoy.
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